Portable robots for upper-limb rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted upper-limb rehabilitation has been studied for many years, with many randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of robotic-assisted training on affected limbs. The current trend directs towards end-effector devices. However, most studies have focused on the effectiveness of rehabilitation devices, but studies on device sizes are relatively few. GOAL: Systematically review the effect of a portable rehabilitation robot (PRR) on the rehabilitation effectiveness of paralysed upper limbs compared with non-robotic therapy. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted on literature that included the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) obtained from the PubMed and Web of Science (WoS) electronic databases until June 2023. RESULTS: A total of 9 studies, which included RCTs, were completed and a meta-analysis was conducted on 8 of them. The analysis involved 295 patients. The influence on upper-limb function before and after treatment in a clinical environment is analysed by comparing the experimental group using the portable upper-limb rehabilitation robot with the control group using conventional therapy. The result shows that portable robots prove to be effective (FMA: SMD = 0.696, 95% = 0.099 to.293, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Both robot-assisted and conventional rehabilitation effects are comparable. In some studies, PRR performs better than conventional rehabilitation, but conventional treatments are still irreplaceable. Smaller size with better portability has its advantages, and portable upper-limb rehabilitation robots are feasible in clinical rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Although portable upper-limb rehabilitation robots are clinically beneficial, few studies have focused on portability. Further research should focus on modular design so that rehabilitation robots can be decomposed, which benefits remote rehabilitation and household applications.

Game-Based Virtual Reality System for Upper Limb Rehabilitation After Stroke in a Clinical Environment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The use of virtual reality (VR) for stroke rehabilitation has been implemented during the last decade. At present, most studies still focus on the effects of VR on upper limb rehabilitation, and few studies have explored VR games, VR system designs, and rehabilitation modes for upper limb rehabilitation. This study aims to (1) evaluate the rehabilitation effect of stroke patients using a game-based VR upper limb rehabilitation system in clinical settings; (2) investigate the impact of custom and commercial VR games on patients in clinical settings; and (3) review VR upper limb rehabilitation modes. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore databases were searched, and related literature published through December 2021 was included. A total of 4700 articles were retrieved according to the search strategy. We identified 24 studies, including 793 patients. We conducted a systematic search for randomized controlled trials with adult stroke patients to analyze the effect of game-based VR upper limb rehabilitation systems. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effects of upper limb function, hand dexterity, daily living ability, and cognitive function between the experimental group (EG, using VR for upper limb rehabilitation) and control group (CG, receiving conventional rehabilitation, including physical therapy and occupational therapy). We also conducted an analysis of both custom and commercial games. The results of the meta-analysis proved that game-based VR upper limb rehabilitation therapy for cerebral apoplexy is an effective method of rehabilitation in clinical settings and is more effective than traditional rehabilitation in improving patients' upper limb function and hand mobility. Custom games heal better than commercial games. This study only includes nonimmersive device rehabilitation modes due to research constraints and classified them into four categories. The mode of VR games combined with rehabilitation instruments may solve the problem that patients with severe upper limb dysfunction cannot operate games. Whether the use of immersive VR devices and the fun of games will affect patients' rehabilitation motivation and effect is the direction of future research.

Electrophysiological Correlation Underlying the Effects of Music Preference on the Prefrontal Cortex Using a Brain-Computer Interface.

This study aims to research the task of recognising brain activities in the prefrontal cortex that correspond to music at different preference levels. Since task performance regarding the effects of the subjects' favourite music can lead to better outcomes, we focus on the physical interpretation of electroencephalography (EEG) bands underlying the preference level for music. The experiment was implemented using a continuous response digital interface for the preference classification of three types of musical stimuli. The results showed that favourite songs more significantly evoked frontal theta than did the music of low and moderate preference levels. Additionally, correlations of frontal theta with cognitive state indicated that the frontal theta is associated not only with the cognitive state but also with emotional processing. These findings demonstrate that favourite songs can have more positive effects on listeners than less favourable music and suggest that theta and lower alpha in the frontal cortex are good indicators of both cognitive state and emotion.

A study exploring the usability of an exergaming platform for senior fitness testing.

This study proposes a structural usability model to identify the relationship between the user interface design and the usability of an exergame system that includes a software system and a separate hardware device. The model consisted of two dimensions: the interface design, which was evaluated using Nielsen's heuristic evaluation method, and the usability, as defined by ISO 9241-11. An empirical study used the iFit exergame system to test the physical fitness of 101 seniors in order to evaluate the model's validity. The results showed a strong correlation between the interface design and the usability of the exergame system. An improved interface enabled users to interact with the system better, and the usability of the whole system was enhanced, including the device and the system itself. The results show that the proposed usability model can be used to evaluate other exergame systems.

An Evaluation of the Design and Usability of a Novel Robotic Bilateral Arm Rehabilitation Device for Patients with Stroke.

STUDY DESIGN: Case series. EVIDENCE LEVEL: IV (case series). INTRODUCTION: Robot-assisted therapy for upper limb rehabilitation is an emerging research topic and its design process must integrate engineering, neurological pathophysiology, and clinical needs. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: This study developed/evaluated the usefulness of a novel rehabilitation device, the MirrorPath, designed for the upper limb rehabilitation of patients with hemiplegic stroke. METHODS: The process follows Tseng's methodology for innovative product design and development, namely two stages, device development and usability assessment. During the development process, the design was guided by patients' rehabilitation needs as defined by patients and their therapists. The design applied synchronic movement of the bilateral upper limbs, an approach that is compatible with the bilateral movement therapy and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation theories. MirrorPath consists of a robotic device that guides upper limb movement linked to a control module containing software controlling the robotic movement. RESULTS: Five healthy subjects were recruited in the pretest, and 4 patients, 4 caregivers, and 4 therapists were recruited in the formal test for usability. All recruited subjects were allocated to the test group, completed the evaluation, and their data were all analyzed. The total system usability scale score obtained from the patients, caregivers, and therapists was 71.8 ± 11.9, indicating a high level of usability and product acceptance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Following a standard development process, we could yield a design that meets clinical needs. This low-cost device provides a feasible platform for carrying out robot-assisted bilateral movement therapy of patients with hemiplegic stroke. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: identifier NCT02698605.

The Design and Validation of a Child Developmental e-Screening System.

An effective screening test could significantly impact identification of developmental delays at an early age. However, many studies have shown that delay screenings still use text-based screening survey questionnaires. Unfortunately, the traditional text-based screening method tends to be fairly passive. In addition, the advantages of using an interactive system and animation have been shown to lead to positive effects on learning in medical research. Therefore, a multimedia screening system is necessary. This study constructs a system architecture to develop an e-screening system for child developmental delays. To validate the system after development, this study conducted an experiment and employed a questionnaire to survey users. Five experts and 120 subjects participated in the experiment. After the experiment, the results of the system evaluation revealed excellent agreement between the text-based and multimedia version of Taipei II. A total of 118 (98%) participants preferred the multimedia version or had no preference, and only 2 (2%) preferred the paper version. Regular text-based screening sometimes excludes those with low literacy and those whose native language is different from the text. In addition, text-based screening tools lose users' attention easily. The current study successfully developed a multimedia text-based screening system. Feedback from the participants showed that the e-screening system was well accepted and more easily accessible than the original. In this study, a child developmental delays e-screening system was developed. After the experiment, the subjects indicated that the developmental delay e-screening system increased their comprehension and kept them interested in the screening.

A Multimedia Child Developmental Screening Checklist: Design and Validation.

BACKGROUND: Identifying disability early in life confers long-term benefits for children. The Taipei City Child Development Screening tool, second version (Taipei II) provides checklists for 13 child age groups from 4 months to 6 years. However, the usability of a text-based screening tool largely depends on the literacy level and logical reasoning ability of the caregivers, as well as language barriers caused by increasing numbers of immigrants. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to (1) design and develop a Web-based multimedia version of the current Taipei II developmental screening tool, and (2) investigate the measurement equivalence of this multimedia version to the original paper-based version. METHODS: To develop the multimedia version of Taipei II, a team of experts created illustrations, translations, and dubbing of the original checklists. The developmental screening test was administered to a total of 390 primary caregivers of children aged between 4 months and 6 years. RESULTS: Psychometric testing revealed excellent agreement between the paper and multimedia versions of Taipei II. Good to excellent reliabilities were demonstrated for all age groups for both the cross-mode similarity (mode intraclass correlation range 0.85-0.96) and the test-retest reliability (r=.93). Regarding the usability, the mean score was 4.80 (SD 0.03), indicating that users were satisfied with their multimedia website experience. CONCLUSIONS: The multimedia tool produced essentially equivalent results to the paper-based tool. In addition, it had numerous advantages, such as it can facilitate active participation and promote early screening of target populations. CLINICALTRIAL: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02359591; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02359591 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6l21mmdNn).

Design, development, and clinical validation of therapeutic toys for autistic children.

[Purpose] One of the characteristics of autistic children is social interaction difficulties. Although therapeutic toys can promote social interaction, however its related research remains insufficient. The aim of the present study was to build a set of cooperative play toys that are suitable for autistic children. [Subjects and Methods] This study used an innovative product design and development approach as the basis for the creation of cooperative play toys. [Results] The present study has successfully developed cooperative play toys. Compared to the traditional game therapy for autism, cooperative play toy therapy can significantly improve the interactions between autistic children and their peers. [Conclusion] The most critical design theme of cooperative play toys focuses on captivating the interest of autistic children. Based on the needs of the individual cases, the design of the therapeutic toy set was specifically tailored, i.e., by reinforcing the sound and light effects to improve the attractiveness of the toys. In the future, different play modes can be combined with this toy set to further enhance the degree of interaction of autistic children and improve their quality of life and social skills.

Community-Based ECG Monitoring System for Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases.

This study aims to develop a community-based electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system for cardiac outpatients to wirelessly detect heart rate, provide personalized healthcare, and enhance interactive social contact because of the prevalence of deaths from cardiovascular disease and the growing problem of aging in the world. The system not only strengthens the performance of the ECG monitoring system but also emphasizes the ergonomic design of wearable devices and user interfaces. In addition, it enables medical professionals to diagnose cardiac symptoms remotely and electronically manage medical reports and suggestions. The experimental result shows high performance of the dry electrode, even in dynamic conditions. The comparison result with different ECG healthcare systems shows the essential factors that the system should possess and the capability of the proposed system. Finally, a user survey was conducted based on the unified theory of acceptance and users of technology (UTAUT) model.

Design of a mobile brain computer interface-based smart multimedia controller.

Music is a way of expressing our feelings and emotions. Suitable music can positively affect people. However, current multimedia control methods, such as manual selection or automatic random mechanisms, which are now applied broadly in MP3 and CD players, cannot adaptively select suitable music according to the user's physiological state. In this study, a brain computer interface-based smart multimedia controller was proposed to select music in different situations according to the user's physiological state. Here, a commercial mobile tablet was used as the multimedia platform, and a wireless multi-channel electroencephalograph (EEG) acquisition module was designed for real-time EEG monitoring. A smart multimedia control program built in the multimedia platform was developed to analyze the user's EEG feature and select music according his/her state. The relationship between the user's state and music sorted by listener's preference was also examined in this study. The experimental results show that real-time music biofeedback according a user's EEG feature may positively improve the user's attention state.

Motor impairments screened by the movement assessment battery for children-2 are related to the visual-perceptual deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder.

This study was to examine to what extent the motor deficits of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) verified by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) are linked to their visual-perceptual abilities. Seventeen children with DCD and seventeen typically developing children (TD) aged 5-10 years screened from a total of 250 children were recruited. The assessments included MABC-2, traditional test of visual perceptual skills (TVPS-R), and computerized test for sequential coupling of eye and hand as well as motion coherence. The results indicated that children with DCD scored lower than TD in MABC-2, and their total scores were highly correlated with manual dexterity component scores. DCD group also showed poor visual-perceptual abilities in various aspects. The visual discrimination and visual sequential memory from the TVPS-R, the sequential coupling of eye and hand, and the motion coherence demonstrated a moderate or strong correlation with the MABC-2 in the DCD rather than the TD group. It was concluded that the motor problems screened by MABC-2 were significantly related to the visual-perceptual deficits of children with DCD. MABC-2 is suggested to be a prescreening tool to identify the visual-perceptual related motor deficits.

An expert fitness diagnosis system based on elastic cloud computing.

This paper presents an expert diagnosis system based on cloud computing. It classifies a user's fitness level based on supervised machine learning techniques. This system is able to learn and make customized diagnoses according to the user's physiological data, such as age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). In addition, an elastic algorithm based on Poisson distribution is presented to allocate computation resources dynamically. It predicts the required resources in the future according to the exponential moving average of past observations. The experimental results show that Naïve Bayes is the best classifier with the highest accuracy (90.8%) and that the elastic algorithm is able to capture tightly the trend of requests generated from the Internet and thus assign corresponding computation resources to ensure the quality of service.

Designing an intelligent health monitoring system and exploring user acceptance for the elderly.

Recently, many healthcare or health monitoring systems are proposed to improve life quality of the elderly in the aging process. The elderly are generally with poor health and low information literacy. Low information literacy might be an obstacle of using such systems. This research considered the characteristics and the needs of the elderly and developed an intelligent health monitoring system for the elderly with low information literacy living in the nursing home. The system is intelligent since it can monitor the health status of the elderly based on clinical and medical knowledge, provide an easy-to-understand and easy-to-use user interface for the elderly, and automatically send important or emergency feedback to caregivers. Finally, we explored the user acceptance for the elderly using our proposed system based on the unified theory of acceptance and user of technology model. The experimental results indicate the developed system is highly accepted by the elderly in terms of performance expectation, endeavor expectation, social influence, and facilitating condition.

Research on a community-based platform for promoting health and physical fitness in the elderly community.

This study aims to assess the acceptability of a fitness testing platform (iFit) for installation in an assisted living community with the aim of promoting fitness and slowing the onset of frailty. The iFit platform develops a means of testing Bureau of Health Promotion mandated health assessment items for the elderly (including flexibility tests, grip strength tests, balance tests, and reaction time tests) and integrates wireless remote sensors in a game-like environment to capture and store subject response data, thus providing individuals in elderly care contexts with a greater awareness of their own physical condition. In this study, we specifically evaluated the users' intention of using the iFit using a technology acceptance model (TAM). A total of 101 elderly subjects (27 males and 74 females) were recruited. A survey was conducted to measure technology acceptance, to verify that the platform could be used as intended to promote fitness among the elderly. Results indicate that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and usage attitude positively impact behavioral intention to use the platform. The iFit platform can offer user-friendly solutions for a community-based fitness care and monitoring of elderly subjects. In summary, iFit was determined by three key drivers and discussed as follows: risk factors among the frail elderly, mechanism for slowing the advance frailty, and technology acceptance and support for promoting physical fitness.

The iFit: an integrated physical fitness testing system to evaluate the degree of physical fitness of the elderly.

This paper presents an integrated physical fitness testing system (iFit) that evaluates the physical fitness of older adults. The intent of the test is to help them manage and promote their health and mitigate the effects of aging. National protocols of physical fitness were implemented to support the assessment. The proposed system encompasses four modules of physical fitness assessment for both users and medical professionals. The test information will be recorded and managed through a wireless sensor network that will enable a better understanding of users' fitness states. Furthermore, the iFit has been validated by a test session attended by elderly participants. The results show that there is a significant correlation between iFit use in the test of flexibility, grip strength, and balance, compared to conventional methods.

A five-layer users' need hierarchy of computer input device selection: a contextual observation survey of computer users with cervical spinal injuries (CSI).

This article presents how the researcher goes about answering the research question, 'how assistive technology impacts computer use among individuals with cervical spinal cord injury?' through an in-depth investigation into the real-life situations among computer operators with cervical spinal cord injuries (CSI). An in-depth survey was carried out to provide an insight into the function abilities and limitation, habitual practice and preference, choices and utilisation of input devices, personal and/or technical assistance, environmental set-up and arrangements and special requirements among 20 experienced computer users with cervical spinal cord injuries. Following the survey findings, a five-layer CSI users' needs hierarchy of input device selection and use was proposed. These needs were ranked in order: beginning with the most basic criterion at the bottom of the pyramid; lower-level criteria must be met before one moves onto the higher level. The users' needs hierarchy for CSI computer users, which had not been applied by previous research work and which has established a rationale for the development of alternative input devices. If an input device achieves the criteria set up in the needs hierarchy, then a good match of person and technology will be achieved.

Dental adhesives--the foundation of esthetic dentistry.

The clinical success of adhesive restorations depends on knowing the materials and how they are used in indicated areas. This article is designed to help clinicians understand the various protocols that are best suited for different clinical cases by discussing contemporary dental adhesive systems. The article also presents rationales for selecting adhesive systems for specific cavity classes, highlights the working principles underlying each clinical procedure, and explains technique problems in dental adhesive procedures. Clinical preventive measures to ensure longevity of direct adhesive restorations also are discussed.